Grammar Summary
词性
名词
- 可数：不要单写，要加上冠词或代词
a n./the n. 定语 - 不可数
名词在句首，一般是主语
动词（谓语）
及物动词 vt. 必需加宾语
不及物动词 vi. 不能加宾语，所以也没有被动。但是有些不及物动词加上介词短语后，整体视为及物动词。（如 look at/agree with）
感官动词（look/sound/taste/smell/feel） = 系动词（seem/become/stay/grow） = be 动词
注意 感官动词/系动词/be 动词 后面加 adj.或 n.
there becomes n.
it seems funny.
it seems that 句子.
常见不及物动词
发生：happen/occur/take place/come about/arise 增长：rise
形容词
- adj. 修饰名词，大部分是前置，偶有后置的情况，要注意找前面的名词。
连词
普通连词：形如
句子, and 句子，连词用于并列两句话：如 and or but so，而 however thus therefore furthermore 都是副词，不可用于逗号后并列两句话。关系连词（非问句，问句中叫关系副词）：when/if/who/how/although/albeit/though/while/yet
时间概念的词，可以做时间关系连词，跟 when 的作用相同，后面可跟完整句子，整体做主句的状语或解释说明
the 10th straight year 起 when 的作用，作连词
It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue.
I finished my homework (in) the day you came to our school.
however 和 but 不可互换，but 是连词，连接两个句子，however 是副词，后面不能跟完整句子
but 和 although/though/while 都是连词表转折，但重点不同
A, but B. 该句中 B 是重点
A, although B. 该句中 A 是重点
A, although B. = Although B, A.
介词
介词后跟名词、动名词，作用是作为 adj.（修饰名词） 或 adv.（修饰动词、句子、较少情况修饰形容词及介词短语）
介词翻译不可拿中文意思硬套，需要按上下文，使用介词本质意思理解翻译
介词短语的作用：
- 修饰名词：
I can play soccer in my school定语，我可以玩学校的足球 - 修饰动词：
I can play soccer in my school状语，我可以在学校玩足球
两种情况需要在语境中根据上下文具体分析，常见修饰动词的介词短语有 by doing。
复合介词，具有两个介词的意思，主要以在后面的介词为主，例如 onto/into 分别具有 on 和 in 的意思，但主要是 to
in 在...范围里；可以是实际的范围，也可以是抽象的范围
on 在...上；抽象意义中有笼罩在...上的意思，如 effect on/a study on
at 在...的点上；如时间、速度、状态、温度、home、级别、数据、point
for 介词：为了(本质就是原因)；连词：因为，后面加句子，等同于 because
to/toward 表示一种指向性，相当于一个箭头（注意与不定式完全无关）
by 通过
with 和、用
of 对于、强调属性。A book in history 历史上的一本书，A book of history 一本关于历史的书
over 后面加数字，表示超过；后面加抽象名词 over=to/of/about，可译为对于
around 遍布；动词+around 可译为 X 来 X 去
across 遍布
against 针对
about 关于；后跟数字有关的词译为大约
between 常见 between A and B；也有 between + 复数
副词
adv.修饰动词、形容词、副词
冠词
- a 一个、泛指
- the 特指，翻译为这个，必需要理解到底是哪一个，可以换为代词
代词
任何代词都需要理解指代的为何物
- this/it 作为主语，通常代指上一句话
量词
a n. of 可当作一堆理解，如 a sea of 一海的，表示大量
a number of n. 重点为后面的名词，翻译为许多 X
the number of n. 重点为 number，翻译为 X 的数量
number 后接可数名词
a number of
the number of
amount 后接不可数名词
an amount of
the amount of
amount to 等于（这里 amount 是动词不是量词）
a large sum of 通常形容钱
scores of 大量的
分数
分子：基数词 分母：序数词 如果分子大于 1，需要在分母后面加 s
句型
主谓宾
I love you. 主谓宾 I am happy. 形容词作宾语，要加 be 动词 I am in school. 介词短语作宾语，要加 be 动词
主定语谓宾
定语 = adj. 修饰名词
状语 = adv. 修饰动词、句子、形容词、介词短语（状语修饰前两者较常见，修饰后两者较少见）
主语从句
思维转换
我今天踢了足球
英语思维：
- 我今天做的事情是踢了足球
- 今天发生的事情是我踢了足球
我觉得你的观点是对的
英语思维：
- 你所认为的事情是我认可的
- 认为你的观点是对的人是我
语法
主语本身是个句子，谓语用单数：主语从句 + 谓语（第三人称单数） + 宾语
what/who/how/where/when/whether 引导
what who 词性为 n. 做主语或宾语，是从句主体（主谓宾）的一部分
(Who makes you happy) is also a great man. （who 作从句的主语）
(What you do) is great. （what 作从句的宾语）
(What is the greatest toy in the world) is XXX. （what 作从句的主语）
注意要将括号中看成整体，判断是否能发出后面的谓语和宾语
what you eat is apples.
What is the most important thing for you does not hold true for others.
What you do is bad.
Who you like is him.
Who hates you is him.
how where when whether 词性为 adv. 做状语，因此后面要接完整的句子（主谓宾），形成从句
How you play soccer has taught me a lot. （从句 How you play soccer 中 How 做状语，you play soccer 是完整主谓宾）
How you play soccer hurts you.
When you play soccer is a good time.
Where you learned English is in Beijing.
Whether you play soccer is unknown.
That 引导：That + 完整句子（主谓宾） + 谓语（第三人称单数） + 宾语
注意要将（That + 主谓宾）看成一个整体来发出谓语，而不是从句（主谓宾）中的 主语 发出 后面的谓语
错误： That he played soccer today is happy. 他踢足球这件事是没法等同于“开心”的
正确： That he played soccer today makes me happy.
e.g. That I played soccer today is true.
That you play tennis is interesting.
That you can come to school tomorrow makes me happy.
That you can come to school tomorrow and you are happy make me happy.
宾语从句
写作时，宾语从句 that 不要省略 阅读中，要小心宾语从句 that 可能省略
I think that that these books are good is interesting. 宾语从句套主语从句，不要省略第一个 that，否则造成误解。
状语从句
定义
本质：一个状语从句本身等于一个副词
副词的作用：修饰动词（整个句子，也归于动词类，因为整个句子的核心是动词）、形容词、介词短语（介词短语情况很少见）
因此状语从句也只有这三个功能
规则
只有一个关系连词引导，如果有超过一个连词，那么一定是发生了状语从句的嵌套（英语的本质是套娃）
If/when/where/although/though/while/because/as(= when/while/because)
修饰动词
关系连词 + 分句，主句（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语）
等价于
主句（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语），关系连词 + 分句
I can beat you, if you are happy. = If you are happy, I can beat you.
“关系连词+分句” 修饰 “主句中的谓语”
When I was in school, I can play soccer.
I like this game played by him when he is happy. 没有逗号时，状语从句修饰的动词遵循就近原则，因此修饰非谓语动词 played
I like this game played by him, when I am happy. 有逗号且根据句意，状语从句修饰主句动词：like
当分句主语和主句主语一样的时候，可以省略分句的主语，如果分句主语有 be 动词，也可以省略。
When written, this book is new.
修饰形容词
There is a book useful and important for me when I am learning sth..
修饰介词（不太常见）
实例
While
- 分句有进行时，一般是“当”
- 没有进行时，一般是“尽管”，等于 although
Although/Though/While 都是尽管（但是）没有实质区别，注意与连词 but 意思上没有太大的区别，但句子表达的重点有区别，“句子 1, but 句子 2”，句子 2 是重点；“Although 句子 1, 句子 2”，句子 2 是重点。
though conj. 尽管、但是（从句与主句转折） adv. 但是、然而（与上一个完整句子转折）
conj.
Though he is free, he can't go anywhere.
= He can't go anywhere, though he is free.
adv.
This book is full of number. This book, though, is about history.
= This book is full of number. This book is about history, though.
As
介词：作为 + n.
As a student, you should ...
regard A as B (n./adj.)
see A as B
think of A as B
值得注意的是，as 后还有跟形容词(adj.)的特殊情况。
I regard you as important.
连词：后接完整句子
当/随着
因为；例如主句表达一个现象，as 句子
正如；as sb./sth. v. ；通常在句首或当插入语
as 的固定搭配
as yet 副词 至今还
as of + time 介词 自...起，从...开始
as for = about 介词
as to = in terms of 介词
as if/though = like 仿佛、似乎、就好像（字面翻译：就像如果、就像尽管）你数学不及格，就像没学过一样（You failed in math exam. It is as though you've never learned math.）
as ... as 中间可以是任何成分，视句子结构而定。
翻译：第一个 as 忽略，第二个 as 译为“正如”
This city is as beautiful as Shanghai. This city grows as beautifully as Shanghai does.
as ... as 写作易错点：
错误：You play soccer as beautiful as he dose.
注意 beautiful 词性是形容词，不能修饰动词，需要换成副词。
正确：You play soccer as beautifully as he dose.
常见 as ... as 翻译:
as long as 只要；像...一样远的
as far as/so far as 至于；像...一样远的
as well as 和 = and；像...一样好地
as soon as 尽快；一...就 = the moment
as early as 早在
as much as 尽管（仅在句首）；像...一样多的
yet
在句首，词性为 conj.或 adv. = but，表转折，译为“尽管”、“但是”
yet 状语从句套 while 状语从句的情况（本质就是英语的完整句子可以无限套娃）
句子 1, yet while 分句, 主句
等价于
句子 1, yet 句子 2（句子 2 = while 分句, 主句）
句子 2 以主句为主，因此，“句子 1”与“主句”是转折关系，“分句”与“主句”亦是转折关系，但“句子 1”与“分句”无关系，因为两个转折可以从不同的方面进行。
在肯定句中，词性为 adv. = not，表否定
在否定或疑问句中，词性为 adv. 表示直到现在或某个时间点，译为“还没”
yet another = another
yet further = further
yet more = more
yet 表示更加
与其他从句的嵌套
Although I think that that these books are good is interesting, 主句. （状语从句嵌套宾语从句嵌套 that 引导的主语从句，主句）
定语从句
本质就是形容词，用于修饰名词。
没有逗号（限定），只修饰名词，that/which 没有区别
I like this book that is red.
先行词作宾语，关系代词 that 或 which 可以省略
I like this book he read.
加逗号（非限定），只能用 which，可能修饰的是名词，也可能修饰的是前面整个句子
I like to read these books, which makes me happy.
其中 makes 为单数，故 which 不是修饰 books，而是修饰前面整句话
I like to read these books, which are expensive.
修饰 books 故用 are
一种好用的变形：
I like this book, the pages of which are red.
There is a school, the students in which are smart.
介词 + 定语从句 + 完整句子，不能用 that，带介词的定语从句不会修饰前面整个句子，只修饰名词
I know a lot of friends among whom there are many doctors.
- 介词本身意思需要理解清楚
- 把 which 替换成修饰词
- where 和 when 引导的定语从句，作状语，可使用介词加 which 替换，后面必需加完整句子
where 修饰地点，以及抽象的可以用 in 来描述的范围
I like the atmosphere/situation in your school in which I can learn many things.
这句中 in which 指代 in the atmosphere，而不是 school。in which 可用 where 代替
when 修饰时间，在某个时间里面
定语从句和状语从句的区别
定语从句与状语从句在句式上可能完全一样，需要根据上下文判断意思
I can go to Shanghai, where I have many books.
定语从句，where 修饰 Shanghai。我可以去上海，我在那里有很多书。
I can go to Shanghai, where I have many books.
状语从句，where 修饰 go。在我有很多书的地方，我才能去上海。
I like December, when I can play soccer.
状语从句，只有当我能踢球时，我才喜欢 12 月。
定语从句，我喜欢 12 月，在 12 月里我可以踢足球。
专有名词 + 从句，从句大概率为定语从句
I liked WTO 20 years ago, which is an organization.
非谓语动词
非谓语动词，本质上一般是作定语，例如最常见的英语句型：主语 + 定语（形容词、定语从句、同位语、介词短语、非谓语） + 谓语 + 宾语.
后置非谓语：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语, 非谓语 + 宾语.
There are many spectators watching the show, meaning/suggesting that Chinese cultures are becoming more and more popular.
watching the show 非谓语 作 spectators 的定语
meaning/suggesting that 非谓语 + 宾语从句
必须快速反应出只有在这句话已经有了谓语（主谓宾）的情况下，才会出现非谓语
非谓语动词也是动词，但凡是动词你就要去想谁发出的动词
没有逗号，动词发出者通常为前面的名词
I like this book making me happy
例外：主句谓语是不及物动词，可能由主句主语或整个主句发出。（这种情况较少见）
This is happening making us happy.
有逗号的，需要根据上下文判断谁发出的动词，可能是前一句的主语、宾语或整个句子。
My teacher in this school will do a presentation, involving some topics. 宾语 presentation 发出 involving
My teacher in this school will do a presentation, feeling happy. 主语 teacher 发出 feeling
My teacher in this school will do a presentation, making us proud. 整个主句发出 making
I like to use computers, bought by my dad. 宾语
I like to read books, writing some notes. 主语
I like this book, making me happy. 宾语
I like to do exercises, making me happy. 整句
前置非谓语：非谓语(Doing/Done) + 宾语, 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语.
前置非谓语通常由主句的主语发出
Reading this book, my teacher is happy.
前置非谓语通常分句与主句有顺序关系，分句先发生，主句后发生
Having scored 99, he is very happy now.
Looking from a broad perspective, we can see a trend. 整句
句中非谓语：主语, 定语（非谓语）, 谓语 + 宾语.
这种句型通常只是修饰主语，没有明显顺序关系
My teacher, almost overwhelmed by her projects, will have some time to do something.
This player, liked by us, will come to my school today.
非谓语动词不及物时，上面 3 个句型中紧跟着非谓语动词的宾语都不存在，可能是一个状语。
Quickly happening (when you are at school), this situation is good.
常见错误
Using this computer to type words, I am learning this computer.
语法上没有错误，但表意上缺少逻辑。应该是先学电脑，再来使用。
改正：Learning this computer, I am using this computer to type words.
Learning this culture, there are more chances for us to be happy.
非谓语也是动词，要找动词的主语，主句中没有主语能够发出 learning 这个动词。
动名词做主语
v.ing/(v.ing + 宾语) + 谓语（第三人称单数） + 宾语
Understanding sth. is good.
Understanding that 句子 is good.
注意谓语左右两边意思上要能说通
Thinking that you are good is interesting.
Producing computers from China is interesting.
我们在图书馆里学习使我们很开心
Learning in our library makes us happy.
扩展：Learning quietly in our library which is in this campus makes us happy.
Thinking that producing computers from China when the economy is good is effective makes me happy.
整体是两个动名词做主语的句子嵌套
(Thinking that + 句子) makes me happy.
Producing computers (状语) is effective.
from China 和 when the economy is good 都是 producing 的状语
形式主语
主语不用翻译
It is adj. for sb. to do sth.
注意 adj. 能不能形容这个 to do sth.
It is portable for me to use my laptop.
这句话是错误的，portable 可以用于形容 laptop 这个东西，但不能用于形容 use my laptop 这个行为。
应改为 It is convenient for me to use my laptop.
It is exciting for me to play soccer. = Playing soccer makes me excited.
It is adj. that + 完整句子.
It is likely that ... (likely 是 adj.)
It is notable that ...
It is important that we should read books.
It is useful for me that I can read books.
感官动词（look/sound/taste/smell/feel） = 系动词（seem/become/stay/grow/remain） = be 动词，因此 It + 感官动词 也大概率是形式主语
It seems/sounds/remains that...
It seems as if you OK.
It is believed/said that...
不是所有 it 开头的句子都是形式主语
It can make me happy.
形式宾语
make/leave/render/have A(n.) B(v./adj./prep./n.)
leave + 地点 表示离开某地
其他情况 leave = make = render 表示留下或使得
当 A 后面有个很长的定语从句时，可能会把 B 放在 A 前
This book leave you happy.
This book leave happy you who are from China and playing soccer in your school.
I can make you play soccer.
I can make you important.
I can make you in school.
I can make you a player.
I want to make playing soccer in our nation become more and more popular.
I want to make it become more and more popular for us to play soccer in our nation.
I want to make it possible for me to do sth.
同位语和同位语从句
同位语和插入语
插入语(位置概念)，插入语可能是定语、状语、同位语
I, when I am in school, love you. (状语)
同位语(内容概念)，核心名词，注意和主句名词相等，并不是修饰（修饰是定语）
Iphone, a famous product that is from Apple, is an electronic device. 核心名词 product = iphone
Iphone, the essential in our life, is an electronic device. 核心名词 the essential = iphone
同位语从句和定语从句
同位语从句（内容：解释说明名词本身的内容，只能用 that，所解释的名词，以抽象名词占绝大多数，通常是“有内容”的词，that 只是引导词，后面通常跟完整主谓宾）
定语从句（怎么样：修饰名词，除 that 外还可能用 which 或 which 带介词或副词 where 等，that 或 which 等引导词指代从句中的主语或宾语，后面通常不是完整句子）
我有一个问题，这个问题很难。（定语从句）
我有一个问题，是你多大了。（同位语从句）
I like this idea that you let me play soccer. 我非常喜欢你这个让我踢足球的想法。（同位语从句）
I like this idea that lets me play soccer. 我非常喜欢你这个想法，这个想法让我走上了踢球的道路。（定语从句）
There is an idea that we could go to school. 同位语从句
There is an idea that is good. 定语从句
I like this piece of news that is fresh. 定语从句
I like this piece of news that I can read books. 同位语从句
同位语从句语法
同位语从句用 that 引导，且 that 之后是完整句子
I like this fact/idea/opinion/news/story that ...
用 whether/why 引导（根据意思判断是否为同位语从句）
There is a question why we are going to this school. （同位语从句）
There is a question why you get confused. （定语从句 why = for which）
way 特殊句型
I like the way (in which) you play soccer. in which 不省略时是定语从句，省略时当作同位语从句。
隔断开的同位语从句
The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.
came to her 是插入语，修饰 thought，that 是 thought 的同位语信号词，而不是 her 的
常见同位语从句信号词
phenomenon 现象
suggestion 建议
implication 寓意
tendency 趋势
trend 趋势
inclination 倾向
awareness 意识、认知
idea 想法
news 新闻
story 故事
fact 事实
I like this idea/opinion/news/story/fact that
常见错误用法
There is a trend that we could go to school.
语法上没有问题，但 we could go to school 不是 trend，意思上说不通，应改为：
There is a trend that a lot of teenagers start to go to school in the afternoon.
There is a situation that more people begin to respect our own culture.
语法上没有问题，但要表达的意思不是情况本身，而是在这个情况下，因此需要用 where （定语从句）而不是 that （同位语从句）：
There is a situation where(in which) more people begin to respect our own culture.
There be
翻译为有，本质是 there be + n. 整体已经是一个完整的句子。后面不能再加逗号加另外一个句子，除非有连词。
There be + n. + 定语（adj.、定语从句、同位语从句、非谓语动词、介词短语）
造句：
there be 表示“有”，也可以表示抽象概念
This book is important.
There is importance in this book.
Obese people experience discrimination in many parts of the world.
There is much discrimination for obese people in many parts of the world.
There is no 表示没有，不可用 not
There might be 表可能
There will be/is going to be 表将来
be 可替换为 系动词、感观动词
There seems discrimination.
There sounds a laughter.
There becomes...
There exist n.
There lies n.
There happens to be 碰巧有
There remains to be 依旧有
例句
There is a book interesting.
There is a book that is useful.
There is a book making me happy.
There is a book in my school.
There is a book, a tool that is useful.
There is an idea that I can play soccer.
The book is important for me. There is much importance in this book for me.
The trend is steady. There is steadiness in this trend.
I think that I like you. There is an idea from me that I like you.
so that 与 such that
翻译为如此...以至于... 表递进关系
so adj./adv. that 完整句子
so 是 adv. 修饰动词、形容词、副词
I am so smart that I know all of this.
I do sth so smart that 这是错误的，smart 不是形容 sth，而是用来修饰 do，所以应该使用副词
I do sth so smartly that ... 正确
I am so smart that I can do this.
I feel so well that I can do this.
There is an apple so delicious that I want to eat it.
That happened so quickly that I didn't realize.
I have a book, which is so useful that it taught me everything.
I have a book, which taught me so effectively that I know every thing.
such n. that 完整句子
such 是 adj. 修饰名词
You are such a good boy that you can do this.
This is such a perfect book that is useful that I want to read it.
I am happy today because I earned such a great bag today that I am thrilled.
It is important to have such a great book that I can read it everyday.
so that 作连词 conj.，翻译为以至于，表递进
句子 1, so that 句子 2
There are so many apples so that there is no other fruit.
强调句
什么时候用强调句？
强调句不能单独使用，一定要先有一个范围，高光这个范围内的某个东西时，才用强调句，即需要背景句。
There are hundreds of schools in my city. It is my school that has this computer.
Among countless functions of music, it is music that can connect various people.
It is ... that(when/why/who) ...
核心：当我们去掉 "It is" 和 "that"，剩下的部分合在一起依旧是完整句子。
因此强调句甚至可以强调状语从句、介词短语、动名词做主语、主语从句
介词短语/(连词 + 分句), 主句
强调后：
It is 介词短语/(连词 + 分句) that 主句
It is in my school that I want to learn things.
It is if you come to my school that I will do this.
It is when you are happy that I want to eat a pear.
It is when I was a kid that I could play soccer.
动名词/主语从句 + 谓语 + 宾语
强调后：
It is 动名词/主语从句 that 谓语 + 宾语
It is playing games that is a good way of relaxing.
It is what you read everyday that is useful.
例句：
电动车可以保护环境
EVs can help improve our environment.
Among many kinds vehicles, it is EVs that can help improve our environment.
There are countless useful books in our library.
强调在图书馆中才有这么多书
On our campus, there are many facilities and places. It is in our library that there are countless useful books.
强调书有用
Among countless valuable things in our library, it is the books that are the most useful.
Do + 动词原形（强调动词的动作）
do 受时态影响
例句：
I do like this book. 我确实喜欢这本书。
I did like this book. 我过去确实喜欢这本书。
倒装句
本质 主谓宾 变成了 宾谓主
I am in school. 倒装 In school am I.
This book is among many books. 倒装 Among many books is this book.
主谓宾 4 种形式
I love you. (v.)
I am a boy. (be + n.)
I am happy. (be + adj.)
I am in school. (be + prep.)
为什么倒装
宾语相对主语更加重要
主语加定语从句太长，谓语宾语太短
完全倒装
介词短语/形容词开头，两者不能作主语，且 be 动词单三是根据后面真正的主语
Among 开头的倒装（介词）
Among many students in school are you who are from China and are tall and smart.
正常语序：You who are from China and are tall and smart are among many students in school.
Among many students who are in China are you. (第二个 are 是因为 you 跟前面无关)
正常语序：You are among many students who are in China.
Among others is he.
Among others are many students.
形容词开头的倒装
Smart is this student who has many computers and books.
正常语序：This student who has many computers and books is smart.
More important in my books are my pages.
部分倒装
否定副词打头，主谓倒装，谓语有助动词的，仅主语和助动词倒装
即 否定副词 谓语 主语 宾语
I have rarely finished this. 半倒装 Rarely have I finished this.
否定副词：(only/rarely/seldom/little/hardly/merely/barely/scarcely/nowhere/never/not only) = not
so/neither/nor 倒装（表示“也”）
I can learn math in our school with a computer.
其他同学几年前也可以
So can other students several years ago. (情态动词没有过去式)
As 倒装（表示“尽管”）
As he is a child, he speaks fluent English.
倒装：A child as he is, he speaks fluent English.
As she is important, she can not do that.
倒装：Important as she is, she can not do that.
As he has a book, he did not read it.
倒装：A book as he has, he did not read it.
As 倒装（表示“正如”）
As be sb. 正如某人一样
正常语序：As sb. be
more than 倒装
I like this book more than he does.
可能倒装为
I like this book more than does he.
引用倒装（引用说话的句子常使用倒装）
"..." he says 常会倒装为 "..." says he
"..." the reply came 常倒装为 "..." came the reply
虚拟语气中的省略与倒装
had
Had 打头的陈述句分句，是虚拟语气 had 倒装省略 if，可以直接把 had 当成 if 来理解
If you had become happy, you would do this.
等于
Had you become happy, you would do this.
等于
You would do this had you become happy.
Had sth. happend, I would do this. = If sth. had happend, I would do this.
were
Were I you, I would do this. = If I were you, I would do this.
With/Without
With + ... 相当于介词短语，不能当主句
With n. 用/和
With A doing/done sth., 翻译为伴随着，A 这里可能是非常长的从句，一定要找到 doing 或 done 的发出者
With this book of history in China making me happy, I will buy it.
this book 为 核心词 是 making 的发出者
Without n.
作状语，修饰动词，翻译为 在没有...的情况下，通常后置。
I can read this book without a computer.
插入语
可以是任何东西任何形式，可以用逗号隔开，也可以用破折号隔开
I like WTO, the/an organization that was established in 1900.
后半句整体作为同位语，解释 WTO。
时态
一般过去时
I played soccer.
完成时
I have played soccer.
通常不会是单独使用完成时，前后会有受完成时语境影响的其他句子。
一般现在时
一定会发生
There are some reasons that lead to this situation in the picture.
过去完成时
过去的过去，对过去的影响
现在完成进行时
have been doing 从过去到现在一直做某事，完美翻译就是“一直”
其他
一句话第一个单词是 doing，考虑两种情况：
动名词作主语：Doing sth 谓语（单数）宾语
非谓语动词：Doing sth, 主谓宾
一句话第一个单词是 Done，非谓语动词：Done by sth/副词，主谓宾。
stress A over B, embrace A over B, prefer A over B
over 超过，A 为程度更深的那个。
have sth to do with 有关
have nothing to do with 无关
常与 over 搭配的动词
control over sth. 对某事的控制。
advantage over sb./sth. 比某人或某事更有优势。
edge over 同上，也表示优势。
one, the other 一个，另一个。总数只有两个。
one, another 一个，另一个。总数超过两个。
not so much A as B = not A but rather B 不是 A，而是 B
so much as = even 甚至
call A B 称呼 A 为 B，中间无介词，遇到要注意将 A 和 B 分开。B 可能是 n./adj./不定式 等。
类似的还有
offer A B
give A (to) B
consider A (as) B
find A B
make A B
leave A B
declaire A B
表达“提供给某人某物”
offer A(sb.) B = provide A(sb.) with B
offer you an apple = provide you with an apple
当 A 不是 sb.而是 sth.时，或表达的意思不同时，要灵活使用介词，不要拘泥于固定搭配
offer an apple to you
provide an apple for you
provide an apple through your friend to your mom
to the extent that 词性为 adv. 到了（从句中描述的）程度。
I can do this, to the extent that ... 我能做这个事情，能做到...的程度。
英语中常用 ones 加从句来描述前面的主语。ones 就指代前面的主语。
Computers are ones that are important tools.
上面一句等同于 Computers are important tools.
would have done 本可能将会
could have done 本可能做
should have done 本应该做
I think that
I think of sth
I believe that
I believe in sb/sth
such as 不同于 for example，such as 是对大的复数的概念进行详细列举，而不是对一个事物进行举例说明。
My dad likes to read books, such as history books and math books.
such 还可能提前到大的概念之前，意思完全不变。
My dad likes to read such books as history books and math books.
allow sb to do sth.
allow for sth.
并列句谓语相同时可能省略
I like apples, I like pears, and I like watermelons.
可省略为
I like apples, I pears, and I watermelons.
保护，阻止等固定搭配为 from 的词组，from 应该翻译为免于
shield sb from sth
protect sb from sth
prevant sb from sth
ability 固定搭配 to，表示关于某事的能力
I want to have your ability to read books.
这里要注意不能理解为 have sth to do，不是有某种能力再去做某事，而是 ability to do，有做某事的能力。
时间（作关系连词）加完整句子，整体作主句的状语或解释说明：时间 + 主谓宾, 主谓宾.
Every time
The day
One hour after
The moment
例句：
The day you saw me, you were happy.
The moment I saw you, I fell in love with you.
place a value on sth
Value has been placed on sth
两个固定搭配，上价值，即重视某事。
anything but 任何事除了
everything but 任何事除了
nothing but 什么都不是除了
这里可以把 but 翻译为除了，主要强调 but 后的意思。
例句：
You are everything but smart. = You are not smart.
He is nothing but important. = He is important.
way 相关词组
out of the way 不挡道
in the way 阻止 get in the way of
in a/one's way 以...方法
on the/one's way 快到了
by the way 顺便说一下
v. ones way 一路以 v. 的方式
You like to play games.
Do you want to play your way into college?
Of n., 主谓宾
该句型中，of 翻译为在...中，n.是一个较大的概念，而后半句的主语通常是较大概念中的一个小概念。
sb. keep doing sth. 某人持续做某事。
sth. keep sb. (from) doing sth. 某事阻止某人做另外某事，注意 from 有时省略。
sleep/dream on sth. 睡过去，不用管某事。
bring about = lead to 导致。
be immune to (from) sth. 对某物产生免疫。
out 作为前缀的词，表示程度更深，超过
A outlive B - A 比 B 活得更久
A outsmart B - A 更聪明胜过 B
A outperform B - A 比 B 表现更好
A has been outgrew by B - A 被 B 发展超过了
句子 A, before 句子 B = Before 句子 B, 句子 A
英语中常常分句做状语后置，而中国人习惯状语前置，故一定注意两种形式表达的意思完全一致。
句子 A 先发生，句子 B 后发生。
in the wake of = after
more often than not = usually
coupled with 加上
My ability, coupled with your skills, can help us do many things.
lay off 解雇
Company lay off employees.
make up with 弥补，修复，重归于好
saving account （美国）存款账户，有取款限制有利息，相当于国内定期
checking account （美国）支票账户，无限制无利息，相当于国内活期
bear 过去式：bore 过去分词：borne
a lot of 量词，修饰名词
I have a lot of books.
a lot 副词，修饰比较级（形容词）
You are a lot smarter than me.
a great/good deal of 量词，修饰不可数名词
a great/good deal 副词，修饰比较级（形容词）
You are a good deal smarter than me.
A looks far less like B, and a good deal more like C. A 看起来远不像 B，并远远更加多像 C。
scores of sth. 不是 A of B（核心词是 A），scores of 是量词，表示很多，核心词是后面的 sth.
should 除表示“本应该”外，还用在从句的 that 后，或用在 why，how，who，what 等词后，表示惊讶，译为竟然，还能。
It is astonishing that we should find violence here. 很惊讶的是我们竟然在这里发现了暴力。
I was in this store when who should I see across the street but Toby？ 当我在这家商店时，除了托比我还能在街对面看到谁？
a- 前缀 (大部分情况为 adjective 词性)
表示状态
alike 表示 like (相似) 的状态 (也有副词用法)
asleep 表示 sleep 的状态
awake 表示 wake 的状态
astray 表示 stray 的状态
表示相反
asynchronize 异步 synchronize 同步
asymmetric 不对称的 symmetric 对称的
do the rounds
to be passed from one person to another person and become widely known. 新闻或谣言被一个人接一个人地传播并被广泛知晓，即撒播。
"Rumors about his resigning as CEO were doing the rounds."
访问或参与很多特定团体的事物，通常是流程的一部分，即走流程。
have sb. to do sth.
使某人做某事
have/get sth./sb. done
表被动，使某事物或某人被做。
This apple is eaten by me.
I have/get this apple eaten.
range from A to B
The store sells something to public, ranging in price from $2 to $4.
attach importance/significance/value/weight to
People attach too much importance to economic forecasts.
behind the scenes 表示“在幕后”
the player of the year 年度最佳球员
the movie of the year 年度最佳电影
lists of players of the tournament 锦标赛最佳球员列表
20-somethings 20 多岁的人
in charge 负责、管理（当领导）
Your friends in charge are good. 你那些当领导的朋友是好人。
Your friends are in charge. 你那些朋友是当领导的。
in charge of 管理某事（主动）
in the charge of 在某人的管理下（被管）
Just because ..., doesn't mean that ...
仅仅因为某事，并不意味着...
Just because you are a student, doesn't mean that you can have this for free.
Just as 句子 1, 句子 2.
就好像 句子 1 一样，句子 2 也怎样。
defend the title 卫冕
not 用于动词否定
no 用于名词否定
prior to 介词短语 = before 介词（before 也可当连词）
boil down to 归结为
a home (away) from home 宾至如归的地方
祈使句 + and + 主谓宾
Look at that school and you will be happy about their facilities.
长介词短语 + 主谓宾
介词短语修饰主句中的主语
With no facilities like that school, my school is also good.
某某感 在英文中使用 sense of ... 不用 feeling/thought 等
例如：安全感 sense of security
To do sth., 主句. 译为 为了做某事，怎么怎么样。实质上句首的 To 前 省略了 In order
say 后大概率跟句子，可能会跟一个名词。think 后 100%跟句子，因为跟名字时会用 think of。
say n.
say (that) 句子
think (that) 句子
think of n.
wary adj. 小心的；提防的
be wary of 小心某事
be aware of 注意某事
be capable of 有能力做某事
be the case 这个情况
would otherwise have been the case. 不是这样的情况。（前面有个 what 常常被省略）
Sth. happend. They do sth. fewer than (what) would otherwise have been the case. 一些事情发生了，他们做某件事更少了，比不是这样的情况下。
only if 几乎等于 if。if 译为如果，不排除其他情况；only if 译为除非（仅仅如果），only if 排除了其他情况；还要注意 only 开头（否定副词开头），主谓倒装的情况
if only 译为要是这样就好了
非谓语作状语的 3 个情况
By doing sth.
Without doing
Using sth.
hand in hand 手拉手，也可表示合作、配合
A could go hand in hand with B = A needs to cooperate with B
bind v. 束缚（过去式与过去分词 bound）
be bound to 注定会，必然会
of sorts 某种程度上的（不太典型的例子）
a lie of sorts 一个谎言在某种程度上
sort of 某种程度上的（有点）
be of n. = have n. = be adj.
This book is of importance.
This book has importance.
This book is important.
be it A or B 无论 A 还是 B = whether A or B
foot 表示尺寸时，什么时候用单数什么时候用复数
当形容词时用单数 a 10-foot tree
当名词时常用复数 tree is 10 feet high
形容身高且带有英寸时常用单数 I'm 5-foot-7 = I'm 5 feet 7 inches tall
整数英寸身高直接使用复数 I'm 6 feet tall.
centi- 前缀 指百分之一 或 一百
centimeter 百分之一米即一厘米
used to do 译为过去常常做（现在不了），其中 used 作为动词过去式 to 为不定式（但还有一种情况是两者没有关系，used 跟着前面的意群 to 是动词不定式）
be used to doing 译为习惯于做，used 作为形容词 to 为介词
be used to do 译为被用来做，used 作为动词过去分词，to 为不定式
常见简单词组或词汇，但理解易错
happen to 碰巧
come across 偶遇
all the same = nevertheless 即便如此
practically = virtually = pretty much = almost = nearly 几乎/实际上
given 在句首，词性为介词（后面跟名词）或连词（后面跟一个句子），译为考虑到
Given you are a boy, you can do this.
Given your gender, you can do this.
Given the weather today, I don't want to go to school.
Given the weather today 从句相当于副词 可后置
I don't want to go to school given the weather today.
provided 在句首，词性为连词（后面跟句子），译为如果（= if）
provided 分句, 主句
in charge 负责、管理（当领导）
bring about = lead to 导致
not least = in particular; notably. 尤其
set out 出发旅程；想要做某事；按特定顺序安排或罗列某事
now that 既然（现在已经是这个样子了）
in that = because 连词 （in that 单独作为一个意群时）
A feed on B. A 以 B 为食
A live on/off B. A 靠 B 活
feed v. 喂养；使逐渐穿过（受限空间） n. 喂养；向机器输送原材料的设备或导管；给舞台演员的提词
live v. 保持活着；安家、生活 adj. 活着的；现场的（非录音的）；接电源的；热点（话题）的 adv. 直播地
in the wake of = in the pace of 随着（...的结果）
wake v. 醒来 n. 守灵；教堂守护节；（船或飞机在水或空气中留下的）尾迹
in the wake of 的 wake 是 n. 尾迹的意思
back and forth adv. 来来回回地
in the meantime 与此同时（常用于与上文转折）
at odds with 与之相矛盾
stake n. 木或金属桩；赌注 v. （用木桩）支撑；下注
at stake 1. 输赢之间的、危在旦夕的 = at risk/to be won or lost 2. 处在争论中的、有问题的 = at issue/in question
It pays to do sth. 做某事是有益的。